Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, \u00f6teden beri anar\u015fist oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatan, sonunda \u201cistif\u00e7ilikte\u201d karar k\u0131lan bir karakterin maceras\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yoruz bu kitapta\u2026 \u015eair, yazar, ressam Fernando Pessoa\u2019n\u0131n \u201cAnar\u015fist Banker\u201dinden bahsediyoruz.<\/p>\n
Anlatt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kavramaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan muhatab\u0131n\u0131n ele\u015ftiri ve sorular\u0131na \u00f6zele\u015ftiriden ka\u00e7\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n cevap veriyor \u00fcstelik…<\/p>\n
\u0130nanm\u0131\u015f bir anar\u015fist olarak\u2026 \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck u\u011fruna\u2026 Ancak tam e\u015fitli\u011fin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olaca\u011f\u0131na inanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir toplumda\u2026 \u201cToplumsal Kurgu\u201dya kar\u015f\u0131 \u201cToplumsal Devrim\u201di savunan bir devrimci olarak niteliyor \u015fahs\u0131n\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n
Muhatab\u0131yla aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en diyaloglarda okuru biraz felsefi, biraz ahl\u00e2ki sorgulama tad\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerle me\u015fgul ederken, mizahi y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc de gizlemiyor.<\/p>\n
Anar\u015fist Banker\u2019de, Marksizm\u2019in toplum g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen \u201calt yap\u0131 \u00fcst yap\u0131y\u0131 belirler\u201d tezi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirilebilecek bi\u00e7imde, toplumun \u00fcst yap\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli ill\u00fczyona maruz kal\u0131rken ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi yeni bir bilin\u00e7le a\u015fmak, b\u00f6ylece burjuva toplumunu y\u0131kma hedefinde bir araya gelmek suretiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni bir toplum hayali i\u015fleniyor; elbette anar\u015fist e\u011filimlerle i\u00e7i\u00e7e…<\/p>\n
Marks\u2019\u0131n Avrupa dillerine \u00e7evrilmesiyle birlikte, daha \u00f6nce g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f tarzda parlak bulunan toplum ele\u015ftirisi, bir\u00e7ok modern d\u00f6nem edebiyat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da tesiri alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Nitekim Marks, sadece dinin toplum bilincine \u201chayal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc tanr\u0131\u201d ile yerle\u015fti\u011fini de\u011fil, mevcut toplumun da bir kurgu oldu\u011funu, dahas\u0131 ferdin toplum taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, fert-toplum aras\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ise, ki\u015finin kendisini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesiyle birlikte gelecekteki \u201ckom\u00fcn toplumu\u201dnu in\u015fa ederek sonu\u00e7lanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Bu \u201cg\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u201d\u00fcn, Marksizm\u2019in kimi ele\u015ftiricileri taraf\u0131ndan, \u201cHristiyan hassasiyetinden dev\u015firilmi\u015f, mesih inanc\u0131 ve kurtulu\u015f\u201d tasvirlerini Marksist diyalekti\u011fe mal etmek, \u015feklinde yorumlan\u0131p tepkiyle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 vakidir.<\/p>\n
\u201cGelecek edebiyat\u0131\u201d, Marksizm\u2019i bilimsellik ve tarihsel materyalizm iddias\u0131n\u0131n aksine kaderci bir tav\u0131rla \u00e7eli\u015fkiye s\u00fcr\u00fcklemi\u015f olsa da, bu dilden Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131nda \u00fclkesine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fen anar\u015fist e\u011filimler de beslendi; benzer kavramlar kullan\u0131ld\u0131: \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, e\u015fitlik, adalet vesaire\u2026<\/p>\n
Pessoa ise, toplumda ger\u00e7ek bir e\u015fitli\u011fin olamayaca\u011f\u0131na inananlardan\u2026 Herkes ayn\u0131 kabiliyete sahip olamayaca\u011f\u0131 gibi, do\u011fu\u015ftan ayn\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri de ortaya koyamaz. Yine de ki\u015fi sistem ele\u015ftirisinden geri kalmamal\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n
Anar\u015fist Banker\u2019in \u201cToplumsal kurgu\u201d iddias\u0131 da, bir idrak galat\u0131 halinde diyaloglarda dilden d\u00fc\u015fmeksizin vurgulan\u0131r. Peki, bir anar\u015fist nas\u0131l \u201cbanker\u201d oluveriyor? Hik\u00e2yenin bu k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 okurun merak\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmak \u00fcmidiyle ge\u00e7iyorum. Daha \u00f6ncesinde nas\u0131l anar\u015fist oldu\u011funa ise, kitaptan k\u0131sa bir kesitle temas edelim. Konu\u015fan, \u201cAnar\u015fist Banker\u201ddir:<\/p>\n
\u201cKendimizi e\u011fitmeye, bir \u015feyler \u00f6\u011frenmeye kar\u015f\u0131 kuvvetli bir arzu duyuyorduk, ayn\u0131 zamanda fikirlerimizi yaymaya da\u2026 Kendimiz ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131 i\u00e7in -t\u00fcm insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in- yeni bir toplum istiyorduk, insanlar\u0131 suni bir bi\u00e7imde e\u015fit olmayan \u015fartlar\u0131 ve Do\u011fa\u2019n\u0131n onlara dayatmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmalar\u0131, ac\u0131lar\u0131 ve bask\u0131lar\u0131 insanlara dayatan t\u00fcm \u00f6n yarg\u0131lardan ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir toplumdu istedi\u011fimiz.\u201d<\/p>\n
Diyalo\u011fun sonuna do\u011fru bankerin \u201cPara Kurgusu\u201dna ge\u00e7i\u015fi, bir anar\u015fistin \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u201dten ne anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ilgin\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n
1922 bas\u0131m\u0131 Anar\u015fist Banker, son y\u0131llar\u0131n k\u0131talararas\u0131 sosyal hadiselerinde sivrilen anar\u015fist hareketlere de dokunuyor olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan dikkate de\u011fer bir eser\u2026 Aradan y\u00fcz y\u0131l ge\u00e7se de, Bat\u0131 cephesinde \u00e7ok \u015fey de\u011fi\u015fmedi\u011fini ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u00d6ld\u00fckten Sonra Tan\u0131nan Yazar<\/strong><\/p>\n Latin edebiyat\u00e7\u0131 Fernando Pessoa, 1888-1935 Portekiz Lizbon\u2019da do\u011far. Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u015fair ve ressamd\u0131r; modernlerden\u2026 Be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131ndayken m\u00fczik tenkit\u00e7isi olan babas\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder. Annesi, Portekiz\u2019in Durban konsolosuyla evlenince G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019ya yerle\u015fmek durumunda kal\u0131r. Anglosakson e\u011fitiminden ge\u00e7en Pessoa, ge\u00e7imini \u0130ngilizce ve Frans\u0131zca i\u015f mektuplar\u0131 yazarak kazan\u0131r; yaln\u0131z ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f biridir.<\/p>\n Milton, Shelley, Keats, Poe, Byron, Whitman, Shakespeare ve Baudelaire edebiyat\u00e7\u0131lar aras\u0131nda Portekiz modernizminin \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden say\u0131lan Pessoa\u2019n\u0131n etkilendi\u011fi \u015fahsiyetlerden g\u00f6steriliyor. \u0130lk \u015fiirlerini, 1905-1908 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yazm\u0131\u015f. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda beliren \u201csembolist\u201d ak\u0131m\u0131n do\u011furdu\u011fu ve \u201cPortekiz R\u00f6nesans Hareketi\u201dnin yay\u0131n organ\u0131 Aguia dergisinde ilk \u015fiirleri yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bir yandan da ele\u015ftiri ve denemeler yazar. 1913\u2019te f\u00fct\u00fcrist harekette yer al\u0131r ve S\u00e1-Carneiro ile birlikte Portekiz edebiyat\u0131nda \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck yaparak \u00a0\u201cpaulismo\u201d ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131r. B\u00f6yleyken \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00e7ok sonra d\u00fcnya edebiyat\u0131nda hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1914 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazar, farkl\u0131 isim ve kimlikler kullanarak, karakterlerini eserlerinde konu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flar. Bunlar, Alberto Caeiro, Alvaro de Campos, Ricardo Reis, Bernardo Soares ve Fernando Pessoa\u2019d\u0131r. Pessoa, Portekiz dilinde \u201cki\u015fi\u201d anlam\u0131na geliyor. Latince \u201cmaske, tak\u0131n\u0131lan tav\u0131r, karakter\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cPersona\u201ddan t\u00fcretilmi\u015f. <\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de bilinen \u201cHuzursuzlu\u011fun Kitab\u0131\u201dn\u0131n yazar\u0131 Pessoa, ilk d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn trajikli\u011fi ile idrak eder. II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na \u00f6mr\u00fc yetmiyor. D\u00f6nemin alt\u00fcst olan Bat\u0131 toplumuna \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f arayan Angstfilozofi-bunal\u0131m felsefesi, Bat\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n \u201cvarolu\u015f\u201duna son bir anlam vermek gayesiyle \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131 insan\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcme kar\u015f\u0131 \u201ctatmink\u00e2r\u201d bir tav\u0131r aray\u0131\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Pessoa da \u00f6yle anla\u015f\u0131lan…. \u00c7izdi\u011fi karakterler bir yana, nas\u0131l bir hissiyat i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fu ifadeden s\u00fcz\u00fclebilir:<\/p>\n \u201c\u00d6yleyse kim kurtaracak beni var olmaktan? Hayat\u0131m\u0131 topra\u011fa veriyorum.\u201d<\/p>\n Pessoa, yabanc\u0131 dillerde yazm\u0131\u015f biri olsa da, \u201cVatan\u0131m Portekiz dilidir\u201d diyen bir \u015fair. Hayat\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131l\u0131nda, Portekiz tarihi \u00fczerine ok\u00fcltist-sembolist bir yorumla yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cMensagem\u201d adl\u0131 \u015fiiri Ulusal Propaganda Sekreterli\u011fi\u2019nin a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 yar\u0131\u015fmada \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilmi\u015f. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan \u015fahs\u0131na ait sand\u0131kta bulunan eserleri ailesi taraf\u0131ndan Portekiz h\u00fck\u00fcmetine sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u2026<\/p>\n Pessoa\u2019n\u0131n -I\u015f\u0131k Erg\u00fcden \u00e7evirisiyle- sembolist \u015fiirine bir \u00f6rnek;<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u201c\u00d6zruhsal Yaz\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u015fair aldat\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00f6yle m\u00fckemmel aldat\u0131r ki<\/p>\n ac\u0131 \u00e7ekiyormu\u015f gibi yapacak olur<\/p>\n oysa ac\u0131d\u0131r hissetti\u011fi.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n ve yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 okuyanlar<\/p>\n okunan ac\u0131da iyice hissederler,<\/p>\n \u015fairin tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikili\u011fi de\u011fil,<\/p>\n kendilerinin asla hissetmedi\u011fini.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n ve b\u00f6ylece onun \u00e7arklar\u0131nda<\/p>\n d\u00f6ner, akl\u0131n oyunca\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck mekanik tren<\/p>\n ad\u0131na kalp denen.\u201d<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Bir \u015fairin, \u015fairlerin muztaribli\u011fini hissedi\u015fine delil say\u0131labilecek sat\u0131rlar bunlar\u2026<\/p>\n Fernando Pessoa 47 ya\u015f\u0131nda, 30 Kas\u0131m 1935\u2019te, Lizbon\u2019da karaci\u011fer hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde pek tan\u0131nm\u0131yordu. B\u00fct\u00fcn eserleri ancak 1942\u2019de yay\u0131mlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131; tam 26 cilde ula\u015ft\u0131. T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrilen baz\u0131 eserleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n \u015eeytan\u0131n Saati, S\u0131rlar\u0131n Cebiri, Denize \u00d6vg\u00fc, D\u00fc\u015fsel ve Ger\u00e7ek, Anar\u015fist Banker, Huzursuzlu\u011fun Kitab\u0131.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ayl\u0131k Dergisi 190. Say\u0131, Temmuz 2020<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, \u00f6teden beri anar\u015fist oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatan, sonunda \u201cistif\u00e7ilikte\u201d karar k\u0131lan bir karakterin maceras\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yoruz bu kitapta\u2026 \u015eair, yazar, ressam Fernando Pessoa\u2019n\u0131n \u201cAnar\u015fist Banker\u201dinden bahsediyoruz. Anlatt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kavramaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan muhatab\u0131n\u0131n ele\u015ftiri ve…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[14,58],"class_list":["post-973","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-yazarlar","author-admin","author-cumali-dalkilic","no-post-thumbnail"],"yoast_head":"\n