1800\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda iki \u0130ngiliz (Humphrey Davy ve Michael Faraday), laboratuvarda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bir deney s\u0131ras\u0131nda gaz hidrat\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015flerdir. Ke\u015ffetmi\u015fler; ama bunun sadece yapay olarak olu\u015fturuldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o zamana kadar bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda do\u011fal olarak olu\u015fmu\u015f gaz hidratlara rastlanmam\u0131\u015f ya da fark edilmemi\u015f diyelim. 1930\u2019lara gelindi\u011finde Hammerschmidt\u2019in, \u00f6zellikle so\u011fuk b\u00f6lgelerde gaz hidratlar\u0131n do\u011fal gaz boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0131kad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemesinin ard\u0131ndan ikinci evresine girmi\u015ftir. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonunda, Bat\u0131 Sibirya baseninde geni\u015f gaz alan\u0131 tortullar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde do\u011fal olarak olu\u015fmu\u015f, kat\u0131 do\u011fal gaz veya gaz hidratlar\u0131n g\u00f6zlenmesiyle, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hidratlara bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ne Zaman \u0130ncelendi?<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00dclkemizde ilk kez 2000\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Karadeniz\u2019deki gaz hidrat olu\u015fumlar\u0131 bir T\u00dcB\u0130TAK projesi kapsam\u0131nda incelenmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 9 Eyl\u00fcl \u00dcniversitesi Deniz Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Prof. Dr. G\u00fcnay \u00c7ift\u00e7i liderli\u011finde son 12 y\u0131ld\u0131r b\u00fcnyesindeki \u201cKoca Piri Reis\u201d isimli ara\u015ft\u0131rma gemisi ile bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ayn\u0131 \u00fcniversitenin sismik laboratuvar\u0131 olan SeisLab ile destekliyor, bilgi toplama ve analiz faaliyetlerini y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyor. Yap\u0131lan bu ilk ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re ba\u015fta Karadeniz olmak \u00fczere, Akdeniz ve Marmara denizlerinin yo\u011fun gaz hidrat potansiyeline sahip oldu\u011fu bilgisi verilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Gaz Hidrat ile \u0130lgili Neler Yap\u0131l\u0131yor?<\/strong><\/p>\n \u015eimdilerde kazan gibi kaynayan Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de Yavuz ve Fatih sondaj gemilerimiz sondajlar\u0131na devam ederken Barbaros Hayrettin Pa\u015fa gemimiz de sismik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Haziran 2017\u2019de petrol ve do\u011falgaz aramak \u00fczere Karadeniz\u2019e a\u00e7\u0131lan yerli sismik ara\u015ft\u0131rma gemimiz MTA Oru\u00e7 Reis oradaki g\u00f6revinin ard\u0131ndan Marmara Denizi\u2019ni kar\u0131\u015f kar\u0131\u015f inceledi. \u015eimdilerde ise MTA Oru\u00e7 Reis de Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019deki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7erisinde yer al\u0131yor. Tabi\u00ee ki t\u00fcm bu ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve sondaj gemilerimizle birlikte Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 unsurlar, 7\/24 Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de g\u00f6revleri ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011fl\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n Bu gemiler petrol ve do\u011falgaz d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda gaz hidrat ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Gaz hidratlar, i\u00e7lerinde bulunduklar\u0131 tortullar\u0131n akustik \u00f6zelliklerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015ftirdiklerinden, yayg\u0131n olarak sismik y\u00f6ntemlerle ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rlar. \u0130\u015fte bu noktada iki sismik gemimizin ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f oluyor.<\/p>\n Do\u011falgaz Varken Gaz Hidrata Gerek Var m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n Temel kimya bilgilerimizi biraz hat\u0131rlayacak olursak do\u011falgaz ve gaz hidrat\u0131 anlamam\u0131z kolayla\u015facakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Hidrokarbon; sadece karbon (C) ve hidrojen (H) atomlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan kimyasal bile\u015fiklerin genel ad\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte genel form\u00fclleri Cn<\/sub>H2n+2 <\/sub>olan hidrokarbonlara \u201calkanlar\u201d denir. Alkanlar\u0131n ilk d\u00f6rt \u00fcyesi; Metan: CH4, Etan: C2H6, Propan: C3H8 B\u00fctan: C4H10. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 c\u00fcmlelik kimya bilgisi ile genel m\u00e2n\u00e2da do\u011falgaz ile gaz hidrat\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak anlayabilmemiz m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Metan gaz\u0131 ile g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131zda asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r\u0131z. Mesela 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00dcmraniye\u2019de bir \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fck patlad\u0131 ve 39 vatanda\u015f\u0131m\u0131z hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Bunun ana sebebi \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fckte biriken ve s\u0131k\u0131\u015fan metan gaz\u0131n\u0131n yanma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yine \u00e7\u00f6p arabalar\u0131nda ve konteyn\u0131rlar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan patlama olaylar\u0131 da metan gaz\u0131 ile ili\u015fkilidir. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde tar\u0131msal at\u0131klardan ve hayvan g\u00fcbrelerinden temiz enerji \u00fcreten tesisleri duymayan kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu tesislerde oksijensiz kapal\u0131 bir sistem i\u00e7inde de metan gaz\u0131 elde edilir ve elektrik enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Metan gaz\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re as\u0131l konumuza d\u00f6nebiliriz.<\/p>\n Do\u011falgaz\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc (%70-90) metan gaz\u0131 verilen hidrokarbon bile\u015fi\u011finden olu\u015fur. Do\u011falgaz\u0131n di\u011fer bile\u015fenleri etan, propan ve b\u00fctand\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda eser miktarda bulunan ba\u015fka di\u011fer bile\u015fikler \u015fimdilik g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilebilir.<\/p>\n Gaz hidrata bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck molek\u00fcler a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 gazlar\u0131n, su molek\u00fclleri taraf\u0131ndan bir kafes yap\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde tutulmas\u0131yla olu\u015fan, buza benzeyen, \u00e7o\u011funlukla beyaz renkli ve k\u0131r\u0131lgan kristalli olu\u015fumlard\u0131r. Su molek\u00fclleri (H2<\/sub>O) taraf\u0131ndan hapsolan gaz %99 oranla metan gaz\u0131d\u0131r. Evet, ilk g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcze \u00e7arpan \u015fey gaz hidratlar\u0131n do\u011falgazdan daha fazla metan gaz\u0131 bulundurmas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Ama as\u0131l dikkat edilmesi gereken k\u0131s\u0131m ilk c\u00fcmlede yer alan \u201cy\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda\u201d ifadesidir.<\/p>\n Avucumuzda bir s\u00fcngeri s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, sonras\u0131nda da o s\u00fcngeri serbest b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Avucumuzdaki s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k s\u00fcnger \u00f6rne\u011findeki gibi gaz hidratlar da bulunduklar\u0131 ortamda y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. S\u00fcngerin serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi, bas\u0131nc\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 standart ko\u015fullarda de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde 1m3 <\/sup>gaz hidratta ortalama 164m3<\/sup> gaz bulunur.<\/p>\n Neden \u00c7\u0131karm\u0131yoruz?<\/strong><\/p>\n \u015eu an t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada gaz hidratlar i\u00e7in Ar-Ge \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve incelemeler yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bir ad\u0131m \u00f6nde olan, gaz hidrat \u00fcretimi ve elde edilen gaz hidrattan enerji \u00fcretmeye \u00e7ok yak\u0131n olan \u00fclkeler de mevcuttur. Ba\u015fta Japonya olmak \u00fczere Hindistan, \u00c7in, ABD ve Tayvan, gaz hidrat \u00fczerine \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yapmaktad\u0131r. Bu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n tamam\u0131 bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalard\u0131r. Bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 sanayi ile entegre edebilen bu \u00fclkeler, \u00e7ok yak\u0131n zamanda gaz hidrattan enerji \u00fcretmenin ekonomik yolunu bulacakt\u0131r. Hatta \u00c7in\u2019in bu hususta ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilmektedir.<\/p>\n \u00dclkemizdeki gaz hidrat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in en somut ad\u0131m, SeisLab ve TPAO Arama ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rma gruplar\u0131n\u0131n ortakla\u015fa y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve DTP taraf\u0131ndan 2003 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana madd\u00ee olarak desteklenen ara\u015ft\u0131rma projesidir. Proje kapsam\u0131nda, \u00f6ncelikle (do\u011fu) Karadeniz olmak \u00fczere, \u00fclkemizi \u00e7evreleyen t\u00fcm denizlerimizdeki do\u011fal gaz hidrat birikimlerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n saptanmas\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n haritalanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla, Koca Piri Reis ara\u015ft\u0131rma gemisine \u00e7ok kanall\u0131 sismik yans\u0131ma sistemi al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve Sismik Laboratuvar\u0131 (SeisLab) kurulmu\u015ftur. Proje TPAO Arama ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rma gruplar\u0131n\u0131n da kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ile s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7 Olarak;<\/strong><\/p>\n Yerli ve mill\u00ee kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, bununla beraber enerjide d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n azalmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar takdire \u015fayan; ancak yeterli de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin cari a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131nda enerjinin y\u00fck oldu\u011fu kati ger\u00e7eklerden biridir. En \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlardan biri kullan\u0131lan mevcut teknolojilerin geli\u015ftirilmesi hususunda sanayi ile bilimin entegrasyonunun sa\u011flanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte potansiyel enerji kaynaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in Ar-Ge \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ayr\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00e7e artt\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye, bir tabi\u00ee zenginli\u011fin \u00fczerindedir ve bu ger\u00e7ek \u0131skalanmamal\u0131, politik kayg\u0131larla yap\u0131lan g\u00fcn\u00fcbirlik hamleler yerine gelece\u011fe dair bir pl\u00e2n ortaya koymal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Yararlan\u0131lan Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n Erg\u00fcn, M., \u00c7if\u00e7i, G., Dondurur, D. ve Limonov, A., 2000. Karadeniz Sedimentlerinde Gaz Hidrat Olu\u015fumu ve Etkilerinin Ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, TUB\u0130TAK Projesi, Proje Kodu: 100Y078.<\/p>\n \u00c7if\u00e7i, G., \u00d6zel, E., Dondurur, D., 2003. Do\u011fu Karadeniz T\u00fcrkiye \u015eelf Ve Yamac\u0131nda Gaza Doygun Tortullar ve Gaz Hidratlar\u0131n Sismik Y\u00f6ntemlerle Ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, DPT Projesi, Proje Kodu: 2003K120360.<\/p>\n OCAKO\u011eLU Neslihan 2009 GAZ H\u0130DRATLAR VE \u00d6NEM\u0130: T\u00dcRK\u0130YE \u00c7EVRES\u0130 DEN\u0130ZLERDE GAZ H\u0130DRAT VE SI\u011e GAZ ARAMALARI \u0130stanbul Yerbilimleri Dergisi, C. 22, S. 1, SS. 29-47, Y. 2009<\/p>\n K\u00dc\u00c7\u00dcK Hilmi Mert – T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Gaz Hidrat Yol Haritas\u0131 \u00d6nerisi – D\u00fcnya Enerji Konseyi T\u00fcrk Milli Komitesi Petrol ve Do\u011falgaz \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Grubu PDG1 \u2013 Ocak 2018<\/p>\n Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Resmi \u0130nternet Sitesi<\/p>\n Yazar: Cengizalp Akcan<\/p>\n Ayl\u0131k Dergisi 185. Say\u0131, \u015eubat 2020<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 1800\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda iki \u0130ngiliz (Humphrey Davy ve Michael Faraday), laboratuvarda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bir deney s\u0131ras\u0131nda gaz hidrat\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015flerdir. Ke\u015ffetmi\u015fler; ama bunun sadece yapay olarak olu\u015fturuldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o zamana kadar bilim…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[14],"class_list":["post-856","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fikir","author-admin","no-post-thumbnail"],"yoast_head":"\n