{"id":1241,"date":"2026-01-24T09:43:01","date_gmt":"2026-01-24T09:43:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aylikdergisi.com\/?p=1241"},"modified":"2026-01-24T10:38:11","modified_gmt":"2026-01-24T10:38:11","slug":"osmanlida-dogal-sinir-meselesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aylikdergisi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/24\/osmanlida-dogal-sinir-meselesi\/","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131\u2019da \u201cdo\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131r\u201d meselesi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tarih\u00e7ilerin umumiyetle sevdikleri bir iddiad\u0131r: <em>\u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu 16. as\u0131rda art\u0131k a\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131 do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131rlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve t\u0131kan\u0131p kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ran, Avusturya, Rusya ve Venedik aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f Osmanl\u0131, \u2018do\u011fal\u2019 olarak gerilemeye mahk\u00fbmdu.\u201d <\/em>Bu iddia ilk bak\u0131\u015fta makul g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u00dcst\u00fcne bir de bununla paralellik ifade eden <em>\u201cOsmanl\u0131 gazada elde etti\u011fi ganimetle zengin ya\u015fard\u0131, art\u0131k sava\u015f kazanamay\u0131p \u00fclke fethedemedi\u011finden ekonomik olarak da geriledi ve i\u015fler bozuldu\u201d<\/em> g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ilave edersek sadece \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fck de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda ard niyetli buluruz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc <em>\u201cdo\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131rlara ula\u015fma\u201d<\/em> tezi, kendini kuvvetlendirmek i\u00e7in bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ften destek al\u0131r. Adeta ayn\u0131 yerde imal edilmi\u015f gibidirler. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu hara\u00e7 yiyerek ge\u00e7inen ya\u011fmac\u0131 bir g\u00fcruh olarak g\u00f6steren bu ifade, alt\u0131 as\u0131r h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, say\u0131s\u0131z badireler atlatm\u0131\u015f, model olarak bat\u0131l\u0131larca taklit edilmi\u015f bir cihan devletini ve onun tarihini hani <em>\u201ck\u00f6r parma\u011f\u0131m g\u00f6z\u00fcne\u201d<\/em> dercesine meydandayken ink\u00e2ra kalk\u0131\u015fmakt\u0131r. En hafif ifadesiyle ahmakl\u0131k sayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n alt\u0131nda kas\u0131t aranmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"16\">\n<li>as\u0131rda siyasi yay\u0131lman\u0131n sekteye u\u011framas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n stratejik hedef belirleyememesi y\u00fcz\u00fcndendir. Beyli\u011fin kurulu\u015fundan \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethine kadar Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in hedef belliydi: \u0130stanbul\u2019u almak. 150 y\u0131l boyunca bu hedeften hi\u00e7 sapmayan Osmanl\u0131, Fatih devrinde bu r\u00fcyas\u0131na kavu\u015fmu\u015f, hem Balkanlar\u2019da hem Anadolu\u2019da varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 per\u00e7inlemi\u015f, ama ondan sonra nas\u0131l bir strateji izleyece\u011fini, kendine yeni ne gibi bir hedef se\u00e7ece\u011fini yahut hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapmadan durumu muhafaza ederek yerinde mi kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kestirememi\u015f ve daha Fatih zaman\u0131nda buhran emareleri g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle s\u00f6yleyecek olursak, \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethi Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in adeta varl\u0131k sebebiydi, sanki Osmanl\u0131 bu davada fani olmu\u015ftu. Fakat r\u00fcyan\u0131n mutlu sonla bitmesinin akabinde Osmanl\u0131 yeni bir varl\u0131k sebebi icad edemedi. Yavuz Selim Han\u2019\u0131n en derinden ke\u015ffetti\u011fi ve gere\u011fini tespit etti\u011fi bu hakikat, y\u00fcce sultan\u0131n vakitsiz \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle unutuluverdi ve ta II. Abd\u00fclhamid Han\u2019a kadar bir daha hat\u0131rlanamad\u0131. O zaman da \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130lk Osmanl\u0131 halifesi Yavuz Sultan Selim Han, \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2lemini tek \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplamak gerekti\u011fini, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bunu yapacak kafaya ve g\u00fcce sahip oldu\u011funu, \u00fcstelik bat\u0131ya do\u011fru ilerleyi\u015fin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilmesi i\u00e7in de bunun zaruret oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Onun bu gayeyle izledi\u011fi siyaset devam ettirilmedi\u011fi ve her iki y\u00f6nde sonu\u00e7suz m\u00fccadelelerle vakit ve enerji kaybedildi\u011fi i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 darbo\u011faza girdi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ta en ba\u015fa, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015funa d\u00f6n\u00fcp oradan ileriye do\u011fru bir bakal\u0131m. 1299\u2019da kuruldu\u011funda Osmanl\u0131, devlet gelene\u011fine sahip olmayan g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bir boy taraf\u0131ndan toparlanm\u0131\u015f, sadece bir taburluk askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc olan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir beylikti. E\u011fer do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131rlarla \u00e7evrili olmak iddias\u0131 yerindeyse Osmanl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fc do\u011fmu\u015f demekti. Kurucusu Osman Gazi\u2019nin d\u00fcsturu gere\u011fi g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u0130stanbul\u2019a dikmi\u015f olan Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi, o haliyle nesiller boyunca bu hedefine ula\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyordu. \u0130stanbul\u2019u almak i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek bir devlet ve \u00e7ok kuvvetli bir ordu gerekiyordu. \u00dcstelik sadece \u0130stanbul\u2019u almakla bitmiyordu i\u015f, ald\u0131ktan sonra oray\u0131 elde tutmak belki almaktan daha zor olacakt\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden hem do\u011fu hem de bat\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde epey yay\u0131l\u0131p \u0130stanbul\u2019u Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131 i\u00e7inde eritmek gerekiyordu. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 bir arada d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ne b\u00fcy\u00fck bir i\u015f ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 az \u00e7ok idrak edebiliriz. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015f maceras\u0131 zamane lugat\u0131na vurursak ger\u00e7ek bir ba\u015far\u0131 \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Neyin pe\u015finde oldu\u011funu tesbit etmi\u015f, bunun gereklerini bilen ve buna g\u00f6re hareket eden, yani tam manas\u0131yla ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilen bir Osmanl\u0131 vard\u0131r kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda.<\/p>\n<p>Kendisinden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck beylikler ve Bizans taraf\u0131ndan adeta ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir co\u011frafyada v\u00fccud bulan Osmanl\u0131, av\u0131n\u0131 sinsice kollayan bir kaplan gibi her iki y\u00f6ne do\u011fru ad\u0131m ad\u0131m geni\u015flemeyi bildi. Bizans\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 gaza halinde olup, do\u011fudan gelen g\u00f6\u00e7ebelerden s\u00fcrekli taze g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7 toplamay\u0131 beceren Osmanl\u0131, hem Anadolu\u2019nun muharip kesimini kendine \u00e7ekmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f, hem de b\u00f6ylece di\u011fer beyliklerle zamans\u0131z bir m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015fmekten kendini korumu\u015ftur. Sava\u015f halinde oldu\u011fu Bizans\u2019\u0131n taht kavgalar\u0131nda taraf tutup m\u00fcttefikler edinerek kendine saha a\u00e7an, daha sonra m\u00fcttefiklerini kukla haline getiren Osmanl\u0131, bu sayede Gelibolu\u2019ya \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130stanbul\u2019u bat\u0131dan \u00e7evirmenin ilk ad\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kah Bizans\u2019la beraber Bulgar ve S\u0131rp krallar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, kah ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc ittifaklarla Balkanlar\u2019da ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ilerleyen Osmanl\u0131, Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019daki beylikleri de yava\u015f yava\u015f ilhak etmi\u015f ve hem Anadolu\u2019da hem de Balkanlar\u2019da en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc siyasi varl\u0131k olarak kendini kabul ettirmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri belli bir yay\u0131lma siyaseti tayin etmi\u015f olan Osmanl\u0131, kimseyle yekten d\u00fc\u015fman olmuyor, hedefi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fcyor, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, d\u00fc\u015fmanlar aras\u0131ndan m\u00fcttefik bulmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yor, zamanla bunlar \u00fczerinde n\u00fcfuz elde ederek idaresi alt\u0131na al\u0131yordu. Kurulu\u015funun daha ilk asr\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fik din ve milliyete sahip topluluklar\u0131 h\u00fckm\u00fc alt\u0131na alarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir imparatorlu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen Osmanl\u0131, \u0130stanbul\u2019u payitaht yap\u0131p dev bir imparatorlu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeyi hak ediyordu.<\/p>\n<p>Kaba hamasetle iddia edildi\u011fi gibi her \u015feyi bilek g\u00fcc\u00fc ve cesaretle kazanmad\u0131 Osmanl\u0131. Sava\u015fta \u015fart olan bu vas\u0131flar haricinde Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n devletle\u015fme-sistemle\u015fme becerisi daha dikkate de\u011ferdir. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir hanedan olu\u015fturmas\u0131, fethetti\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerdeki eski d\u00fczeni fazla bozmadan devam ettiren pragmatik ve esnek tavr\u0131, daimi talimli ordu kurup beslemeyi ak\u0131l etmesi, toprak ve n\u00fcfusu denetim alt\u0131nda tutmas\u0131, zanaat, ticaret ve ziraati te\u015fvik etmesi, vergi m\u00fcessesesini h\u0131zl\u0131 ve adil \u015fekilde i\u015fletmesi, bunlar i\u00e7in laz\u0131m olan b\u00fcrokrasiyi temin etmesi, asla ba\u015f\u0131bozukluk ve idarede keyfilik emaresi g\u00f6stermemesi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131rlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Daha say\u0131s\u0131z madde ilave ederek bu fasl\u0131 geni\u015fletebiliriz. \u00d6z olarak Osmanl\u0131, \u0130stanbul gibi bir \u015fehri fethedip d\u00fcnya hakimiyetine soyunmay\u0131 hak edecek ger\u00e7ek bir devlet fikrine sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kurulu\u015funu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu hengamede do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131rlar olarak g\u00f6rebilece\u011fimiz Bizans, Marmara Denizi, Hristiyan Balkanlar, Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordular\u0131, beylikler vs. Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya g\u0131da olmaktan \u00f6teye gidememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Kurulu\u015fundan tam bir as\u0131r sonra bat\u0131da Tuna Nehri\u2019ne, do\u011fuda F\u0131rat Nehri\u2019ne kadar ilerlemeyi ba\u015faran Osmanl\u0131 bu s\u0131rada ilk buhran\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131: Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131. Bu hadise, ilk defa Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek hedefinden sapmas\u0131 ve hesaps\u0131z i\u015f yapmas\u0131 neticesidir. B\u00fcy\u00fck ilim adam\u0131 Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ifade etti\u011fi gibi, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid Han\u2019\u0131n tedbirsizli\u011fi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kopan bu f\u0131rt\u0131na, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ince siyasetine ve as\u0131rl\u0131k ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6lge d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Osmanl\u0131 o demlerde \u00e7ok kuvvetliydi ama bat\u0131da Macarlarla, do\u011fuda Timur\u2019la burun buruna gelmi\u015fti ve daha fazla ilerleyebilmesi imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131. Macarlar Katolikti. Her ne kadar Ni\u011fbolu\u2019da Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusu ma\u011flup edilmi\u015f olsa da bu hareket Katolik Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n taarruz hareketiydi, Macarlara kar\u015f\u0131 bir Osmanl\u0131 taarruzuna daha sert bir direni\u015fle cevap verebilirlerdi. Timur ise kar\u015f\u0131 konulmaz bir kas\u0131rga gibiydi. Askeri dehas\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z Timur, Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in asla d\u00fc\u015fman edilmemesi gereken bir belayd\u0131. Bu manzaraya g\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na dayanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Her iki y\u00f6nde de ileri hareket i\u00e7in zaman ve f\u0131rsat kollamaktan ba\u015fka yol yoktu, bu zaten Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n gelene\u011fiydi. \u0130lk defa bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015fan ve \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethi gibi bir gaye dururken Timur\u2019a meydan okumaya kalkan Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid\u2019in \u015fuursuz hareketi Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 felakete s\u00fcr\u00fckledi, ama y\u0131kamad\u0131. Ger\u00e7i daha al\u0131nacak yol vard\u0131 ama Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sistemi oturmu\u015ftu. Fetret devri ve ciddi toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Osmanl\u0131 bir devlet olarak ayakta kald\u0131 ve ya\u015fad\u0131. H\u00e2lbuki Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan kat kat g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan Timur\u2019un devleti, ger\u00e7ekte devlet bile say\u0131lmazd\u0131 ve dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaba kuvvete ra\u011fmen 50 y\u0131lda y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 ise 50 y\u0131l sonra \u0130stanbul\u2019u fethederek tarihe ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n<p>Fatih Sultan Mehmet Han zaman\u0131 bana g\u00f6re <em>\u201cdo\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131r\u201d<\/em> tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok cazip bir d\u00f6nemdir. Y\u00fcce sultan Fatih, saltanat\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019u almay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 150 y\u0131ll\u0131k r\u00fcyas\u0131na kavu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bundan sonra insan\u00fcst\u00fc bir gayretle Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetini per\u00e7inlemeye bakan ve g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc Roma\u2019ya diken Fatih, ard arda seferlere \u00e7\u0131karak Balkanlar\u2019daki eski s\u0131n\u0131rlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f, Bosna\u2019y\u0131 da fethederek Belgrad\u2019a kadar ilerlemeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 20 y\u0131ll\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aban\u0131n sonunda Roma yolu k\u0131salm\u0131\u015fsa da var\u0131lan nokta tam manas\u0131yla <em>\u201cdo\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131r\u201d<\/em> iddias\u0131na uygun bir manzara arz eder. Bat\u0131da tekrar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Katolik krall\u0131klarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelinmi\u015ftir. Do\u011fuda ise Timur\u2019un miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olmaya soyunmu\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir lider olan Akkoyunlu Uzun Hasan\u2019la kom\u015fu olunmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcyle efsane haline gelmi\u015f Memlukler\u2019le de g\u00fcneyden kom\u015fu olunmu\u015ftu. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bu \u00fc\u00e7 kom\u015fuyla da ili\u015fkileri bozuktu \u00fcstelik. Nitekim 1472\u2019de Uzun Hasan \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bir meydan okumayla Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya sava\u015f ilan edecek ve akabinde Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck fetih sonras\u0131 strateji zaaf\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>1473 y\u0131l\u0131nda Uzun Hasan\u2019la kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmak i\u00e7in sefere \u00e7\u0131kan Fatih\u2019in akl\u0131nda ne vard\u0131 acaba? Ketumlu\u011fuyla maruf olan Fatih, sadece kendisini taciz eden hasm\u0131n\u0131 etkisiz hale mi getirmek istiyordu? Yoksa Akkoyunlu co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131 topyek\u00fbn istila etmek niyetinde miydi? Onun kafas\u0131nda ne oldu\u011funu bilemiyoruz ama Osmanl\u0131 devlet erk\u00e2n\u0131 ve ordu, bu sefere tedirgin bir halde \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130kinci bir Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131 felaketinden korkuyorlard\u0131. 200 y\u0131ld\u0131r do\u011fudan gelen istilac\u0131lar Anadolu\u2019da sava\u015f kaybetmemi\u015fti. \u00dcstelik Akkoyunlular da M\u00fcsl\u00fcmand\u0131 ve onlara kar\u015f\u0131 motive olmak daha zordu ordu i\u00e7in. Sadece Fatih\u2019in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc iradesine dayanan bu sefer belli ki Akkoyunlu m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fc istila niyeti ta\u015f\u0131mayan bir hareketti. Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun o g\u00fcne kadar gitti\u011fi ve sava\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 en uzak yer olan Erzincan\u2019da vuku bulan sava\u015fta Uzun Hasan b\u00fct\u00fcn cesaretine ra\u011fmen \u00fcst\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bozguna u\u011frad\u0131. \u0130\u015fte tam bu dem Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir aksiyonu ba\u015flatma f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fdu\u011fu and\u0131r. Bozulmu\u015f ve da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015fekilde ka\u00e7an Akkoyunlu ordusu sadece zaferi de\u011fil, koca bir \u00fclkenin fethi f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 da sunuyordu Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya. Ne yaz\u0131k ki Osmanl\u0131 ordusu Akkoyunlu ordusunu takip edip tamamen imha etmeye kalk\u0131\u015fmad\u0131. E\u011fer bu takip harekat\u0131 yap\u0131lsayd\u0131, Akkoyunlu ordusu tekrar toparlanamayacak \u015fekilde ezilebilir, pe\u015finden de Akkoyunlu ba\u015f\u015fehri Diyarbak\u0131r kolayca zapt edilebilirdi. Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131ndan o g\u00fcne 200 y\u0131ld\u0131r zul\u00fcm ve karga\u015fa girdab\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Do\u011fu Anadolu, Azerbaycan, Irak ve \u0130ran kolayca h\u00e2kimiyet alt\u0131na al\u0131nabilirdi. Halk\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan bu co\u011frafya, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bir sultana itaate haz\u0131rd\u0131 zaten. Timur ve Uzun Hasan da bu sayede rahat\u00e7a h\u00e2kim olmu\u015ftu bu b\u00f6lgelere. Gerek Osmanl\u0131 devlet erk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n isteksizli\u011fi, gerekse ordunun ayak s\u00fcr\u00fcmesi -kat\u0131 disipliniyle bilinen yeni\u00e7eri bile Fatih\u2019i dinlemedi- y\u00fcce sultan\u0131n bu zaferin meyvelerini toplayamadan geri d\u00f6nmesine sebep oldu. Sadece ganimet ve 4000 esirle geri d\u00f6nen Osmanl\u0131, cihan imparatorlu\u011fu olma f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 tepmi\u015fti. B\u00f6yle zorlu bir hasm\u0131 bertaraf etmek k\u00e2fi gelmi\u015fti adeta. Kazan\u0131lan bir zafer vard\u0131 ama belki de \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n fethi f\u0131rsat\u0131 kaybedilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n<p>Fatih, mecburen sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Uzun Hasan\u2019\u0131 yendikten sonra, sava\u015f\u0131n hemen akabinde olmasa bile daha sonra Uzun Hasan \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcyebilir miydi? Ordusu hala sapasa\u011flam ayakta duran Uzun Hasan, e\u011fer tekrar \u00fczerine gidilse meydana \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131p Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131rabilirdi, \u00dcstelik Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrekli dert a\u00e7an Memlukler i\u015fe m\u00fcdahale edebilir ve Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u0131llarca ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 olacak sonu\u00e7suz bir maceraya girilebilirdi. \u015eu halde Fatih\u2019in sadece tehdidi bertaraf edip Akkoyunlular \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcmemesi eldeki imk\u00e2nlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en iyi siyaset olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6te yandan Uzun Hasan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden (1478) sonra Akkoyunlular\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bunal\u0131m\u0131 Fatih\u2019in fark etmemesi imk\u00e2ns\u0131z. Son seferinde tarih\u00e7ilerin tahminine g\u00f6re Memlukler \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcmek niyetinde olan Fatih, \u00dcsk\u00fcdar\u2019da son nefesini verdi\u011finde (1481) belki de sekiz y\u0131l \u00f6nce yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapmak istiyordu ama bu uzak ihtimal. Uzun Hasan da Fatih\u2019le sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na pi\u015fman oldu\u011funu beyan etmi\u015fti ge\u00e7mi\u015fte. Bu durumda a\u00e7\u0131k hedef belirtilmemi\u015fse de b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle Memlukler \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye karar verildi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz. Niyetini kesin olarak bilemeyiz, ama halifelik iddias\u0131na da sahip olan Fatih\u2019in son y\u0131llarda s\u00fcrekli Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131 taciz eden Memluklere do\u011fru y\u00f6nelmek istedi\u011fi a\u011f\u0131r bas\u0131yor. Yola \u00e7\u0131karken \u015eehzade Cem\u2019i Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na g\u00f6ndermesi de hedefin Memlukler oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Dulkadirli Beyli\u011fi\u2019yle 1467 y\u0131l\u0131nda evlilik yoluyla akrabal\u0131k tesis etmi\u015f bulunan ve 1480 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu beyli\u011fin taht kavgas\u0131nda \u015eehzade Bayezid\u2019in kay\u0131npederi Ala\u00fcddevle Bozkurt Bey\u2019i, Memlukler\u2019in deste\u011fini alan karde\u015fi \u015eahbudak\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 destekleyen Fatih\u2019in, Bozkurt Bey\u2019in beyli\u011fi elde edince Memlukler\u2019le yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, o tarafa y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye karar verdi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Memlukler\u2019in g\u00fcc\u00fc ve co\u011frafya olarak yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015f ve uzak \u00fclkeler hesaba kat\u0131l\u0131rsa Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n fetih siyasetini k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirecek bir ad\u0131m at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilebilir. Suriye ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilip yeni y\u00f6netim tesisi i\u015flerinin zahmeti ve alaca\u011f\u0131 zaman\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek, Fatih\u2019in uzunca bir zaman do\u011fu i\u015fleriyle u\u011fra\u015faca\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Tam da Otranto yeni fethedilmi\u015fken b\u00f6yle bir yol izlenmesi, \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinden sonra daima bat\u0131ya y\u00fcr\u00fcyen Fatih\u2019in, bunun zorlu\u011funu g\u00f6rerek veya do\u011fuya y\u00fcr\u00fcmenin daha l\u00fczumlu oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek strateji de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi anlam\u0131na gelebilir. Belki de Fatih, ta \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinden itibaren b\u00f6yle bir strateji \u00e7izmeli ve bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda bir stat\u00fcko olu\u015fturup do\u011fuya do\u011fru geni\u015fleme siyaseti izlemeliydi. Fatih\u2019in seferin ba\u015f\u0131nda hayata g\u00f6zlerini yummu\u015f olmas\u0131 ve ketumlu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 kesin niyetinin bilinmemesi, meseleyi onun \u015fahs\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir neticeye ba\u011flayabilmemize engel oluyor. \u00a0\u00d6te yandan, \u0130talya\u2019ya y\u00f6nelmi\u015fken rotan\u0131n do\u011fuya \u00e7evrilmesi Fatih\u2019in strateji de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmese bile bu de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin zaruri oldu\u011funu delillendirir.<\/p>\n<p>Fatih\u2019in bat\u0131da uzun zaman harcamas\u0131n\u0131n mecburiyetten kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc S\u0131rbistan, Eflak ve Arnavut b\u00f6lgelerinin eskiden Osmanl\u0131lara ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131 ve Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid zaman\u0131ndan beri Macarlarla m\u00fctemadiyen s\u00fcren sava\u015flar\u0131n kesin bir neticeyle sona ermemi\u015f olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Fatih\u2019in buralara sefer a\u00e7mak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde itiraz edilebilir. Osmanl\u0131lara ait olmayan ve Tuna k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131lan bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc mevkiinde bulunmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 stratejik de\u011feri \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek olan Belgrad\u2019\u0131 fetih te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc (1456) bu itiraz\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr diyebiliriz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Fatih\u2019in Roma\u2019y\u0131 da fethetme iste\u011fi biliniyordu. Kayzer-i Rum yani Roma \u0130mparatoru unvan\u0131n\u0131 da kullanarak Roma miras\u0131 \u00fczerinde hak iddia eden Fatih, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ba\u015f\u015fehri olan Konstantinopolis\u2019i fethedip son imparatoru ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ekten de buna hak sahibiydi. E\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan bir kral bu \u015fehri alm\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131 muhakkak ki Roma \u0130mparatoru s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 da kendi krall\u0131k unvan\u0131na ilave edecekti. Kadim devirlerden beri ge\u00e7mi\u015fi ve nam\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck olan bir devleti ortadan kald\u0131ran kral\u0131n, o devletin ismine ve miras\u0131na da sahip olmas\u0131 adet olarak benimsenmi\u015fti. Fatih de buna dayanarak Roma\u2019n\u0131n veraseti meselesi \u00fczerinden Avrupa \u00fczerinde siyasi bask\u0131 kurmak ve Katolik Kilisesi\u2019nin merkezi ve Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ilk ba\u015f\u015fehri olan Roma \u015fehrini de fethetmeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatoru unvan\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan Alman kral\u0131yla bu hususta rekabete giri\u015fen ve Roma \u0130mparatoru unvan\u0131yla tan\u0131nmay\u0131 talep eden Fatih\u2019in Otlukbeli\u2019nden d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar s\u00fcrekli bat\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fck bir rota izlemesi, onun esas olarak do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 emniyet alt\u0131nda tutup daima Avrupa\u2019ya do\u011fru bir ilerleme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. \u0130stanbul\u2019dan sonra Roma\u2019y\u0131 da fethetmeyi arzulayan Fatih, belki de Uzun Hasan\u2019la u\u011fra\u015fmay\u0131 vakit kayb\u0131 saym\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 da kendisine ba\u011flayan Fatih, y\u0131llard\u0131r hamurunu yo\u011furdu\u011fu donanmas\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ordusuyla Roma\u2019y\u0131 almaya azmetmi\u015fti. Peki, ger\u00e7ekten de Roma\u2019y\u0131 fethetse bile, elde tutabilir miydi? Sadece denizden ordu y\u00fcr\u00fcterek Roma\u2019n\u0131n fethi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsa da Macarlar\u0131 bertaraf etmeden ve Roma Germen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Alp Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmadan Roma\u2019y\u0131 kavramak imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Roma\u2019y\u0131 almak i\u00e7in \u00f6nce Viyana\u2019y\u0131 ve Alp Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 p\u0131trak gibi sarm\u0131\u015f say\u0131s\u0131z kaleleri tek tek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeliydi. Hem Katolik \u015f\u00f6valyelerin g\u00f6sterebilece\u011fi sa\u011flam direni\u015fi k\u0131rmak, hem de o kadar kalenin zapt edilmesi Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n<p>Yeri gelmi\u015fken Katolik direni\u015fi s\u00f6z\u00fc \u00fczerinde durmak gerekiyor. Hem din\u00ee, hem de siyas\u00ee \u00f6nderli\u011fe sahip ve n\u00fcfusu da hayli kalabal\u0131k olan Katolik d\u00fcnyas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 daima sert bir d\u00fc\u015fman olmu\u015ftu. Ni\u011fbolu (1396), Varna (1444) ve 2. Kosova (1448) sava\u015flar\u0131 Katolik Macarlar\u0131n \u00f6nderlik etti\u011fi birer ha\u00e7l\u0131 taarruzuydu. 1456 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fatih Belgrad\u2019\u0131 almaya kalkarak kar\u015f\u0131 taarruz ba\u015flatt\u0131, ama kaleyi savunan Yanko lakapl\u0131 Hunyadi Yano\u015f kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ciddi kay\u0131p vererek geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131. Bu seferde tek kazan\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n zorlu hasm\u0131 Yanko\u2019nun da \u00f6lmesiydi. O d\u00f6nemlerde Katolik \u00e2leminde M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 taarruz reva\u00e7tayd\u0131. \u0130spanya ad\u0131m ad\u0131m M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan geri al\u0131n\u0131yordu. \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 sadist\u00e7e \u00f6\u00e7 alma gayretiyle papal\u0131k Drako (ejder) isimli bir tarikat kurmu\u015ftu. Eflak kral\u0131 Mircea Cel Batran\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu olan 2. Vlad bu sapk\u0131n tarikata ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131, o y\u00fczden <em>\u201cejdere ba\u011fl\u0131\u201d<\/em> anlam\u0131na gelen <em>\u201cDrakul\u201d<\/em> lakab\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Kaz\u0131kl\u0131 Voyvoda nam\u0131yla me\u015fhur olan o\u011flu 3. Vlad da <em>\u201cejdere ba\u011fl\u0131 olan\u0131n o\u011flu\u201d<\/em> anlam\u0131nda <em>\u201cDrakulea\u201d<\/em> lakab\u0131yla an\u0131ld\u0131. Son derece dindar bir H\u0131ristiyan olan 3. Vlad, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara oldu\u011fu kadar g\u00fcnahk\u00e2r buldu\u011fu dinda\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da ac\u0131mas\u0131z Engizisyon i\u015fkencelerini uygulard\u0131. Bu sayede kendi \u00fclkesinde kolay kolay h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k bile yap\u0131lmazd\u0131. Katolik Romanya (Eflak ve Bo\u011fdan,) \u00f6zellikle Eflakl\u0131lar, ta Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid Han zaman\u0131ndan beri Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015f belas\u0131yd\u0131. Mircea Cel Batran (Mir\u00e7a \u00c7el Batran okunur, Osmanl\u0131lar Emir\u00e7i Beg diye anard\u0131) isimli Eflak kral\u0131, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid\u2019i ve halefi 1. Mehmet\u2019i epey u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, Kaz\u0131kl\u0131 Voyvoda lakab\u0131yla me\u015fhur torunu 3. Vlad (Drakulea) da dedesinin izinden giderek Fatih\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131na bela olmu\u015ftu. 1462 y\u0131l\u0131nda bizzat ordusunun ba\u015f\u0131nda Drakulea\u2019y\u0131 yok etmeye giden Fatih, Tirgovi\u015fte denen yerde d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 k\u0131st\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gece bask\u0131n\u0131 neticesinde a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131p vermi\u015f ve geri \u00e7ekilmi\u015fti. O da yetmezmi\u015f gibi Bo\u011fdan\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Stefan Cel Mare (\u015etefan \u00c7el Mare okunur) Ra\u00e7ova (Vaslui) Sava\u015f\u0131nda (1475) Osmanl\u0131 ordusunu a\u011f\u0131r \u015fekilde yenmi\u015f, ancak Fatih\u2019in \u015fahsen kumanda etti\u011fi koca bir orduyla gelip y\u00fcklenmesi neticesinde ertesi y\u0131l Akdere (Valea Alba) sava\u015f\u0131nda yenilerek ba\u015f e\u011fmi\u015fti. Yenilirken de Osmanl\u0131lara a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plar verdirmi\u015fti. Bir de Arnavut lideri George Kastrioti (Skender Beg) 1444\u2019ten, \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u0131l 1468\u2019e kadar, Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetinden \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Arnavut b\u00f6lgelerini ba\u015far\u0131yla savunmu\u015f ve Fatih\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen hakk\u0131ndan gelinememi\u015fti. Ancak \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra o topraklar Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti. Daha Macarlar\u0131n ve geride bekleyen Almanlar\u0131n laf\u0131n\u0131 etmi\u015f de\u011filiz. Bunlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck fedak\u00e2rl\u0131klarla yenmeyi ba\u015faran Osmanl\u0131, bu ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 en \u00e7ok da Fatih\u2019in y\u0131k\u0131lmaz iradesi ve insan\u00fcst\u00fc gayretine bor\u00e7ludur. E\u011fer ordunun metaneti ve cesareti ve de Fatih\u2019in \u00fcst\u00fcn liderli\u011fi olmasayd\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Tuna k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bile olabilirdi.<\/p>\n<p>H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k gayreti tarihte ad\u0131 az duyulmu\u015f bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck milletleri bile Osmanl\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde a\u015f\u0131lmaz birer engel haline getirmi\u015fti. Romenler, H\u0131rvatlar ve Arnavutlar, ba\u015flar\u0131na g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc liderler bulmu\u015f ve s\u0131rtlar\u0131n\u0131 papal\u0131k, Macaristan ve Venedik\u2019e yaslam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. As\u0131l Avrupa \u00f6n\u00fcnde kalkan vazifesi g\u00f6ren bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devlet\u00e7iklerin sa\u011flam direni\u015finden belli ki, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fi \u00e7ok zordu. Can\u0131n\u0131 di\u015fine takarak Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 koyan bu milletlerin arkas\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Macarlar ve Almanlar s\u0131rada bekliyordu. Papan\u0131n emriyle Polonya ve \u0130talya\u2019dan da ordular toplanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar hesaba kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilerleyip Roma\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesi imk\u00e2ns\u0131z demesek de \u00e7ok zor bir i\u015fti. \u00dcstelik bunu Fatih istese bile devlet erk\u00e2n\u0131 ve ordu istemezdi ve istemedi de. Saltanat\u0131 boyunca hi\u00e7 oturmayan, seferden sefere ko\u015fan, <em>\u201cimtisal-i cahid\u00fc fillah olupdur niyyet\u00fcm din-i \u0130sl\u00e2m\u0131n m\u00fccerred gayretid\u00fcr gayret\u00fcm\u201d<\/em> diye \u015fiirinde kendisini tarif eden Fatih\u2019in enerjisi devlete fazla geliyordu. Onun bu gayreti herkesi yormu\u015ftu. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131 Fatih sevilmeyen bir sultand\u0131 bu y\u00fczden. Saltanat\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan beri devlete adeta ortak duruma gelmi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck ailelerle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan (mesela \u00c7andarl\u0131 ailesi) ve onlar\u0131 tasfiye eden, o ailelerle yak\u0131n temas\u0131 olan ulemayla da aras\u0131 bozulan Fatih, fethedilen b\u00f6lgelere T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusu aktarmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla halk nazar\u0131nda da sevilmekten \u00e7ok korkulan bir sultan olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Baz\u0131 idraks\u0131z ulema kesimi aras\u0131nda, \u0130stanbul\u2019u al\u0131p payitaht yapacak bir ki\u015finin gelece\u011fi, onun da Deccal oldu\u011funa dair tuhaf hikayeler uyduruldu\u011fu ve b\u00f6ylece Fatih hakk\u0131nda ak\u0131ld\u0131\u015f\u0131 kinayelerin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bile vaki oldu. Fatih, Abd\u00fclhamid Han gibi taht\u0131nda yaln\u0131zd\u0131. Tek fark\u0131 kendisine sad\u0131k yeni\u00e7eri kuvvetinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve gere\u011finde \u00e7ok sert davranabilmesiydi. B\u00f6ylece herkes ona itaat ediyordu. Onca sefer ve zorlu u\u011fra\u015flar\u0131n en temel dayana\u011f\u0131 Fatih\u2019in sars\u0131lmaz iradesinden ibaretti. Nihayet y\u00fcce sultan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle bir anda her \u015fey duruverdi.<\/p>\n<p>Sonu\u00e7 olarak Fatih Sultan Mehmet Han zaman\u0131, \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinden sonra Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcyece\u011fi istikameti tayin etmekte s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi bir d\u00f6nem oldu. 1453\u2019e kadar hedefi ve istikameti belli olan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, fetihten sonra Roma\u2019n\u0131n fethi gibi bir hedef tayin etmi\u015fse de bunun sonraki nesillere devredilecek bir siyaset tespitine muhta\u00e7 oldu\u011funu ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 temini zaruretinin g\u00f6r\u00fclerek bu g\u00fcc\u00fcn elde edilmesi i\u00e7in do\u011fuya y\u00f6nelmek gerekti\u011fini fark edemedi. Zorlu sava\u015flarla dopdolu ge\u00e7en bu d\u00f6nem boyunca harcanan eme\u011fin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok daha fazla olabilirdi.<\/p>\n<p>Babas\u0131 gibi gayretli olmayan II. Bayezid zaman\u0131nda ise Akkoyunlu \u00fclkesindeki karga\u015fadan istifade edilmedi, adeta olan bitene seyirci kal\u0131nd\u0131. Uzun Hasan\u2019\u0131n miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan taht kavgalar\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcp giderken Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 bile k\u0131p\u0131rdatmamas\u0131 hayreti mucibtir. \u00dcstelik evlilik yoluyla akrabal\u0131k tesis edildi\u011fi i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 sultan\u0131 Akkoyunlu taht\u0131 \u00fczerinde hak iddia edebilirdi de. B\u00f6ylece II. Bayezid babas\u0131 Fatih\u2019in yar\u0131m b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fi tamamlayabilirdi. Hem de bu me\u015fru bir hareket olurdu. \u00dcstelik Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n, Fatih\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tekrar \u00fczerlerine gelmemesi i\u00e7in Cem Sultan\u2019\u0131 rehin tutup \u015fantaj yoluyla kendilerini koruyacak kadar sefille\u015fti\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131 bat\u0131dan gelecek bir taarruz tehdidini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden rahat\u00e7a do\u011fuya \u00e7ullanabilirdi. Tabiat bo\u015fluk kabul etmez, bu zemini iyi de\u011ferlendiren \u015eah \u0130smail son derece mahk\u00fbm \u015fartlarda ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcne nisbetle bir t\u00fcmenden ibaret say\u0131labilecek kuvvetle Akkoyunlu co\u011frafyas\u0131na h\u00e2kim olmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Kaderin alt\u0131n tepside Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya ikram etti\u011fi u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z topraklar \u015eah \u0130smail\u2019e ziyafet sofras\u0131 oldu. Art\u0131k do\u011fu istikametinde ard\u0131na kadar a\u00e7\u0131k olan kap\u0131lar kapanm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7ok tehlikeli bir d\u00fc\u015fmanla burun buruna gelinmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n<p>30 y\u0131ll\u0131k durgunluktan sonra hadiseye el koyan Yavuz Sultan Selim Han ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir fenomendir. D\u00fcnya tarihinin g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc en b\u00fcy\u00fck liderlerden biri olan Yavuz, daha \u015fehzadeyken Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n halini muhasebe etmi\u015f, gidece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fc tayin etmi\u015fti. Bunun i\u00e7in kendisinin sultan olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini kestirip babas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 isyan bayra\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7acak kadar ferasetli ve acar olan Yavuz, sultan olur olmaz fark\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu.<\/p>\n<p>Yavuz Sultan Selim Han, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bu haliyle bu co\u011frafyada sakin bir hayat s\u00fcremeyece\u011fini biliyordu. Fatih kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ecel terleri d\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f Avrupa\u2019yla sava\u015f hali yoktu ama durum kan davas\u0131ndan farks\u0131zd\u0131. Belgrad ve Roma\u2019y\u0131 tehdid etmi\u015f Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in tek yol bir g\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fcy\u00fcp intikam i\u00e7in geri d\u00f6nmesini beklemeden b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 ezip ge\u00e7mekti. Bu ise eldeki kuvvetle imk\u00e2ns\u0131z gibiydi. Uzun y\u0131llar s\u00fcrecek \u00e7etin bir m\u00fccadeleyi ve \u00f6denecek b\u00fcy\u00fck bedelleri g\u00f6ze almay\u0131 gerektiriyordu. \u00d6te yandan do\u011fuda belirmi\u015f \u015eah \u0130smail tehdidi varken bat\u0131ya do\u011fru de\u011fil topyek\u00fbn harek\u00e2t, birka\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir sefer bile bir anda iki ate\u015f aras\u0131nda kalmak gibi bir facia do\u011furabilirdi. En az\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 sald\u0131rmad\u0131k\u00e7a yerinden k\u0131m\u0131ldamayan Avrupal\u0131lar \u015fimdilik problem de\u011fildi, o halde hen\u00fcz adamak\u0131ll\u0131 devletle\u015fmeyi ba\u015faramam\u0131\u015f Safeviler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 bir harek\u00e2t daha makul ve daha zaruriydi. Do\u011fudan \u00d6zbek Han\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 davet etmesi, topyek\u00fbn bir do\u011fu seferiyle \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2leminin ciddi bir kesimini tek bayrak alt\u0131nda toplamak gibi bir imk\u00e2n da sa\u011flayabilirdi. Bu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda y\u00fcce sultan Yavuz, ne yapaca\u011f\u0131na, daha do\u011frusu Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bundan sonra ne yapmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine tam isabet denebilecek bir katiyetle ve do\u011frulukla karar verdi: \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2lemini birle\u015ftirmek ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 bu birli\u011fin ba\u015f\u0131 k\u0131lmak, sonra da d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131yla hesapla\u015fmak. Yavuz Sultan Selim Han, \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinden beri bo\u015flukta duran strateji ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fi bu istikametle halletmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Derhal aksiyona soyunan Yavuz, iktidar\u0131n\u0131 tehdid eden karde\u015flerini bertaraf eder etmez do\u011fu seferine \u00e7\u0131kar (1514). F\u0131rat boylar\u0131nda yedek kuvvet b\u0131rakarak Memluklerin muhtemel bir m\u00fcdahalesine de set \u00e7eken Yavuz\u2019un bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015funu g\u00f6sterir: Oraya sonuna kadar gitmek i\u00e7in geldi. \u00c7ald\u0131ran\u2019da Safevi ordusunu bozan Yavuz, Otlukbeli\u2019nde dedesi Fatih\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131na gelen s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n benzeriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in seferi kesin zaferle sonu\u00e7land\u0131ramadan geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Ordunun sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi isteksizlik ve isyan emareleri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Yavuz, Safevi ba\u015f\u015fehri Tebriz\u2019e girdi\u011fi halde b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 \u00e7i\u011fneyemedi. H\u00e2lbuki niyeti oralarda k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7irip b\u00fct\u00fcn Safevi \u00fclkesini istila etmek ve Horasan ve Hindistan\u2019a kadar y\u00fcr\u00fcmekti. \u0130stanbul\u2019a d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bir \u015fey kaybetmemi\u015f olan Yavuz derhal ordu i\u00e7indeki oyunbozanlar\u0131 ve hainleri ay\u0131klad\u0131. Tekrar sefer haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na giri\u015fti\u011finde ise Fatih zaman\u0131ndan beri Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 olan Memluklerin Safeviler ile ittifak kurdu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frendi. Yavuz stratejisini de\u011fi\u015ftirmedi. Hedef gene ayn\u0131yd\u0131 ama taktik olarak bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik gerekmi\u015fti. Nas\u0131lsa \u015eah \u0130smail\u2019in Anadolu\u2019ya sald\u0131racak cesareti kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, gayet me\u015fru bir sebep de eldeyken Memlukler \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc Yavuz. Bu defa tam disiplin alt\u0131ndaki ordusuyla Memluklere hi\u00e7bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak b\u0131rakmayana kadar seferini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Yavuz, Suriye ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da iki meydan sava\u015f\u0131 ve Kahire\u2019de sokak sava\u015flar\u0131yla Memlukleri tarumar etti. Memluk \u00fclkeleri Osmanl\u0131 vilayetleri haline geldi. \u0130sl\u00e2m halifeli\u011fini \u0130stanbul\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131yan ve ilk Osmanl\u0131 halifesi olan Yavuz, Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131ndan beri parampar\u00e7a olmu\u015f M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 tek bir irade alt\u0131nda toplamak i\u00e7in g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gayretin meyvelerini toplamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ki y\u0131l s\u00fcren seferden sonra ordusunu dinlendiren Yavuz i\u00e7in \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 ba\u015ftanba\u015fa fethetmek pek zor olmayan bir i\u015fti art\u0131k, ama takdir-i ilahi Yavuz\u2019a mani oldu. Sekiz y\u0131ll\u0131k saltanat\u0131 sonunda 1520\u2019de hayata g\u00f6zlerini yuman Yavuz, Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 tek hamlede <em>\u201cdo\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u201d<\/em>dan \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f, hem madd\u00ee, hem manev\u00ee, hem de fikr\u00ee, \u015fahane bir miras b\u0131rakarak ahirete g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bundan sonra Osmanl\u0131 bir cihan devleti ve \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00fcmmetinin halifesidir.<\/p>\n<p>Bununla beraber yar\u0131m kalm\u0131\u015f i\u015fler de vard\u0131: \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n fethi, do\u011fudaki \u00d6zbek Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer M\u00fcsl\u00fcman devletlerin Osmanl\u0131 himayesine al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve Avrupa\u2019ya topyek\u00fbn taarruz. Peki, Yavuz\u2019un miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 Yavuz\u2019un manas\u0131n\u0131 kavrayabilmi\u015f miydi? 1520\u2019de Yavuz\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle Sultan S\u00fcleyman\u2019\u0131n tahta ge\u00e7ti\u011fi demlerde manzara \u015fuydu: Osmanl\u0131 devleti b\u00fct\u00fcn <em>\u201cdo\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131\u201d <\/em>y\u0131km\u0131\u015f koca bir imparatorluktu. U\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z topraklar, kalabal\u0131k M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfus, a\u011fz\u0131na kadar dolu hazine, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc donanma, laz\u0131m oldu\u011funda say\u0131s\u0131 300 bini bulan \u00e7ok iyi donan\u0131ml\u0131, \u00fcst\u00fcn ate\u015fli silahlara sahip, \u00e7ok iyi sava\u015fan korkun\u00e7 bir ordu, d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n kalbini durduran psikolojik \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck ve Devlet-i Aliyye taht\u0131nda bu miras\u0131 hak etmeyen kifayetsiz Sultan S\u00fcleyman. <em>\u201cUn var, ya\u011f var, \u015feker var, helva yapsana\u201d<\/em> diyesi geliyor insan\u0131n. Art\u0131k \u00fclke de\u011fil k\u0131ta fethedecek kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir dev haline gelmi\u015f Osmanl\u0131, ger\u00e7ek bir lider elinde eski d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ba\u015ftan sona \u00e7i\u011fneyebilirdi. Rakiplerine d\u00fc\u015fen sadece s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 beklemek olacakt\u0131, ama Sultan S\u00fcleyman bunu yapmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnecek fikr\u00ee derinli\u011fe sahip de\u011fildi. Sadece babas\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kopya etmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnse bile yeterdi. <em>\u201cKanuni\u201d<\/em> lakab\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 derin bir kitab\u00ee ve fikr\u00ee y\u00f6n\u00fc varm\u0131\u015f vehmi uyand\u0131ran Sultan S\u00fcleyman, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenecek bir sultan de\u011fildi ama, babas\u0131 Yavuz\u2019a nisbet edildi\u011finde, s\u0131\u011f bir liderdi. Cesaretini ve m\u00fcttefiki Memlukleri kaybetmi\u015f Safeviler, <em>\u201cOsmanl\u0131 geliyor\u201d<\/em> diye ecel terleri d\u00f6kerken, ne hikmetse rotay\u0131 bat\u0131ya \u00e7eviren Kanuni, do\u011fu defterini a\u00e7\u0131k b\u0131rakarak Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya ne b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dert a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nda m\u0131yd\u0131 acaba?<\/p>\n<p>1521 ve 1522 y\u0131llar\u0131nda arka arkaya iki sefere \u00e7\u0131kan Sultan S\u00fcleyman Belgrad ve Rodos gibi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ve zorlu kaleleri fethetti, ama pe\u015fi gelmedi. Hem Venediklilere hem de Macarlara a\u011f\u0131r darbeler vuran Osmanl\u0131, hasm\u0131n\u0131 sars\u0131p kendine getirdi ve geri \u00e7ekildi. Avrupa\u2019da m\u00fcthi\u015f bir heyecana sebep olan bu harek\u00e2t\u0131n ni\u00e7in birden bire ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ni\u00e7in devam etmedi\u011fi \u00e7ok tuhaf bir durumdur. \u0130liklerine kadar \u00fcrpermi\u015f Avrupa, korku i\u00e7inde teyakkuza ge\u00e7erken Osmanl\u0131 Belgrad\u2019\u0131 ald\u0131ktan sonra sel gibi Macar \u00fclkesine ak\u0131p Budin\u2019i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeye davranmad\u0131 ve zaferin \u015fa\u015faas\u0131yla iktifa etti. Mademki Safeviler bir m\u00fcddet daha tehdid de\u011fildi ve mademki bat\u0131ya do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f karar\u0131 verilmi\u015fti, o halde planl\u0131 bir operasyonla sonuna kadar gidilmeliydi. Memlukler gibi \u00e7etin bir hasm\u0131 Sina \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc a\u015f\u0131p Kahire\u2019nin dar sokaklar\u0131na kadar takip eden ve yok etmeden b\u0131rakmayan Yavuz \u00f6rne\u011fi taptaze dururken, Kanuni Belgrad\u2019\u0131n fethiyle d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 topyek\u00fbn alarma ge\u00e7irmi\u015f ve sanki iyice haz\u0131rlans\u0131nlar diye meydan\u0131 onlara b\u0131rak\u0131p \u0130stanbul\u2019a d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Daha birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en iyi s\u00fcvari g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden olan Safevileri ve Memlukleri peri\u015fan eden Osmanl\u0131 ordusu i\u00e7in Macaristan kolay lokma olurdu. Belgrad\u2019\u0131n pe\u015finden Budin\u2019in de al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan sonra Almanlarla g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcse gelecek Osmanl\u0131, sahip oldu\u011fu g\u00fc\u00e7le Roma Germen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu \u00e7\u00f6kertebilir ve Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 topyek\u00fbn dize getirebilirdi.<\/p>\n<p>Be\u015f y\u0131l sonra g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Macar s\u00fcvarisini Moha\u00e7 sahras\u0131nda sadece iki saatte ezen ve Macar kral\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6ld\u00fcren Osmanl\u0131 ordusu Budin\u2019e geldi\u011finde, korkudan ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f Macarlar\u0131n b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bombo\u015f \u015fehirde sadece Yahudileri bulmu\u015ftu. Her \u015fey a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131; Avrupa, en iyi muharip g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmi\u015f, titreyerek Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 bekliyordu. Oysa Sultan S\u00fcleyman, Budin\u2019i bile b\u0131rak\u0131p, Macarlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na bir kukla kral tayin ederek geri \u00e7ekildi. Bu geri \u00e7ekili\u015f Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son ger\u00e7ek zaferini ziyan etmesidir. 1526\u2019dan sonra Osmanl\u0131 bir daha b\u00f6yle bir zafer g\u00f6rmedi. Roma Germen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na hayat hakk\u0131 bah\u015feden bu hata, ayn\u0131 zamanda Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fck taarruzunda derin bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve plana sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bunu iyi kavrayan Alman \u0130mparatoru, Osmanl\u0131 gider gitmez Budin\u2019i geri ald\u0131. Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n Macar ordusuna neler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ren Almanlar\u0131n bu hareketi \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131k de\u011fil, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n\u0131n zaaf\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015f olman\u0131n verdi\u011fi emniyettendir. Tekrar geri d\u00f6nen Osmanl\u0131 ordusu y\u0131llar \u00f6nce yapabilece\u011fi \u015feyi yapt\u0131 ve Viyana\u2019y\u0131 ku\u015fatt\u0131 (1529). Bu da yersiz ve hesaps\u0131zd\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc meydan muharebesi yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sanan Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n bu seferi, kendilerinden daha ak\u0131ll\u0131 hareket eden Almanlar\u0131n meydana \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden meccani bir muhasara hareketine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Tabii ki bunun i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan, esas\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ele veren Osmanl\u0131, y\u00fczbinlerce s\u00fcvariyle Viyana surlar\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde ama\u00e7s\u0131z oyaland\u0131 ve gene geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmeyen Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya kader cilve yap\u0131p adeta <em>\u201chadi Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 fethet\u201d <\/em>dercesine f\u0131rsatlar sunarken sanki koca Osmanl\u0131 burnunun ucunu bile g\u00f6remiyormu\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na bir uyu\u015fuklukla oradan oraya geziniyordu. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden do\u011fudan da felaket haberleri gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7ald\u0131ran\u2019da yenilmi\u015f Safeviler, 15 y\u0131l boyunca haz\u0131rl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015f, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019daki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z manevralar\u0131n\u0131 iyi tahlil etmi\u015f, bir de Avrupal\u0131larla ittifak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olman\u0131n verdi\u011fi rahatl\u0131kla Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na tecav\u00fcze ba\u015flad\u0131. Durum vahimdi. Osmanl\u0131 iki cephede birden sava\u015fmaya mahk\u00fbmdu, hem de has\u0131mlar\u0131 ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iyi biliyordu. Bu manzaran\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck pay da Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131nd\u0131. Bir seferle Safevilerin k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc kaz\u0131yabilecekken k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131p\u0131rdatmayan Sultan S\u00fcleyman, onlar\u0131n canlanmalar\u0131na m\u00fcsaade etmi\u015f, Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131 da ezmek yerine uyand\u0131r\u0131p aya\u011fa kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ok de\u011fil 10 y\u0131l \u00f6nce <em>\u201cbize ne zaman gelecek\u201d<\/em> diye s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 bekleyen kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n av\u0131 haline gelmi\u015fti. Bundan sonra bir do\u011fuya bir bat\u0131ya m\u00fctemadiyen sefere \u00e7\u0131kan Sultan S\u00fcleyman, bir kere babas\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapmad\u0131. Suriye\u2019ye girdikten sonra Gazze\u2019de k\u0131\u015flayan Yavuz, Sina \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc ge\u00e7ip M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 son soka\u011f\u0131na kadar almadan d\u00f6nmemi\u015fti. \u0130ran ise M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a g\u00f6re daha m\u00fcsaitti toptan fetih i\u00e7in. Hem Safevilerin zulmetti\u011fi S\u00fcnniler hem de \u00d6zbek Han\u0131 Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya biat etmek i\u00e7in haz\u0131r bekliyordu. Gitti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fc tamamen zapt etmeden geri d\u00f6nen, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kazan\u00e7lar\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fman bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sahralarda kendi ba\u015f\u0131na horozlanmay\u0131 daha tatl\u0131 bulan Osmanl\u0131, kendi sonunu haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nda de\u011fildi. \u0130ran ve Almanlar korkak olduklar\u0131ndan de\u011fil ak\u0131ll\u0131 olduklar\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 ordusuyla sahrada \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmaya kalkm\u0131yordu. Moha\u00e7\u2019ta Macarlar\u0131n nas\u0131l kahramanca(!) yok olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fckten sonra en do\u011frusunu yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Oysa Osmanl\u0131, hasm\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bulamay\u0131nca taraf taraf istilaya giri\u015fip d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kmaya zorlam\u0131yor ve onun kendisiyle oynamas\u0131na izin vermi\u015f oluyordu. Bunu fark edemeyen Osmanl\u0131, s\u0131rtlanlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda kal\u0131p bir oras\u0131ndan bir buras\u0131ndan \u0131s\u0131r\u0131la \u0131s\u0131r\u0131la par\u00e7alanan aslan\u0131n akibetine do\u011fru gidiyordu. B\u00fcy\u00fck Do\u011fu Mimar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n <em>\u201cUlu Hakan\u201d<\/em> isimli eserinde Abd\u00fclhamid Han\u2019\u0131n zaman zaman s\u00f6yledi\u011fi hakikati dile getirmenin yeridir. Ulu Hakan \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00f6ylermi\u015f: <em>\u201cYavuz\u2019un o\u011flu ya ben olsayd\u0131m; vaziyet nas\u0131l olurdu?..\u201d <\/em>Bu s\u00f6zde \u00e7ok \u015fey gizlidir. Dedesi Yavuz\u2019u \u00e7ok iyi anlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 Ulu Hakan. Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n tekevv\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc fark eden ve \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2leminin da\u011f\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda <em>\u201c\u0130ttihad-\u0131 \u0130sl\u00e2m\u201d<\/em> ideali pe\u015finde ko\u015fan Yavuz\u2019un izinden giden Abd\u00fclhamid Han, \u0130sl\u00e2m halifeli\u011fini kuvvetli ve fonksiyonel hale getirmeye \u00e7abalam\u0131\u015f, muazzam Anglo-Saxon g\u00fcc\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara ula\u015f\u0131p onlar\u0131 organize etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece hem Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 hem de \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2lemini girdi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00fcm kal\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131ndan canl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmaya bakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O mahk\u00fbm \u015fartlarda bunu idrak etmi\u015f olan Ulu Hakan, Yavuz\u2019un o\u011flu olsayd\u0131 ne olurdu bunu biz kendimize sorup \u015fu cevab\u0131 verebilirdik: Tarihin sonu gelirdi. Kaderin garip bir cilvesi olarak Yavuz\u2019un miras\u0131 \u00dcstad\u2019\u0131n tabiriyle bir <em>\u201cmirasyedi\u201d<\/em>ye kald\u0131 ve israf oldu.<\/p>\n<p>Buna ra\u011fmen Kanuni d\u00f6neminde bu gidi\u015f d\u00fczeltilebilirdi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ne Safeviler ne de Almanlar Osmanl\u0131\u2019yla topyek\u00fbn sava\u015fa dayanabilirdi. Maalesef Kanuni, Budin, Ba\u011fdat ve Tebriz\u2019i fethetmek gibi yar\u0131m zaferlerle yetindi. Budin\u2019i alan Viyana\u2019y\u0131 da alabilirdi, Ba\u011fdat ve Tebriz\u2019i alan \u0130sfahan\u2019\u0131 da alabilirdi. Olmad\u0131. Ta ki art\u0131k d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 da Osmanl\u0131\u2019yla aralar\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 kapatana kadar bu b\u00f6yle devam etti. Sultan S\u00fcleyman\u2019\u0131 bu \u015fekilde oyalarken i\u00e7in i\u00e7in olgunla\u015fan Avrupa ve \u0130ran, nihayet 16. as\u0131r sonlar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ate\u015fli silah \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc elinden alm\u0131\u015f, direni\u015f gayreti intikam h\u0131rs\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve \u015fartlar hemen hemen e\u015fit hale gelmi\u015fti. <em>\u201cKa\u00e7an bal\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck olur\u201d<\/em> derler ama bu ka\u00e7an, Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00fcnya h\u00e2kimiyeti f\u0131rsat\u0131yla beraber bo\u015flukta yer tutma hakk\u0131yd\u0131. Evet, ka\u00e7an bal\u0131k ger\u00e7ekten b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>Bundan sonras\u0131n\u0131 konu\u015fmaya gerek yok, bu ayr\u0131 fas\u0131l ve zaten meselemiz de\u011fil. \u015eartlar tamamen aleyhine oldu\u011fu halde do\u011fmay\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f Osmanl\u0131, \u015fartlar tamamen lehineyken kendisini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmay\u0131 ve t\u00fcketmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <em>\u201cDo\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131r\u201d<\/em> dedikleri \u015fey Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kafa olarak bitti\u011fi yerdir. Fatih devrine kadar \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethi idealiyle ya\u015fayan Osmanl\u0131, bu hedefe ula\u015fmak ve elde ettikten sonra korumak nam\u0131na gerekeni yapm\u0131\u015f, ama ondan sonra kendine yeni bir hedef koyamam\u0131\u015f, bu sebeple zihniyet olarak t\u0131kanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yavuz Sultan Selim Han, hakikati ke\u015ffetmi\u015f, hem ilan ederek hem de sistemli \u015fekilde tatbik ederek bunu tamimle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Onun ard\u0131ndan gelenler ise Yavuz\u2019u anlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve onun yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bir gelenek olarak sahiplenmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn taarruz ve m\u00fcdafaalar\u0131 meccani olmaktan \u00f6teye gidememi\u015ftir. Ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmeyen i\u00e7in kuvvetli yahut zay\u0131f olman\u0131n bir \u00f6nemi yoktur, ama ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilen zay\u0131fsa kuvvetlenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini bilir. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n fetih ve d\u00fcnya hakimiyeti siyasetinin ve 16. as\u0131rda t\u0131kanmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi budur.<\/p>\n<p>Tarihi hep eliyle tutup g\u00f6z\u00fcyle g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fc\u015fahhaslar \u00fczerinden izlemeye al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve hele Osmanl\u0131 tarihine at g\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle bakmay\u0131 marifet saym\u0131\u015f tarih\u00e7ilerin(!) pek sevdi\u011fi <em>\u201cdo\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131r\u201d<\/em> iddias\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7 de <em>\u201cdo\u011fal\u201d<\/em> olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Ger\u00e7ek s\u0131n\u0131r Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kafas\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130brahim Tatl\u0131 &#8211; Ayl\u0131k Dergisi 170. Say\u0131 Kas\u0131m 2018<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tarih\u00e7ilerin umumiyetle sevdikleri bir iddiad\u0131r: \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu 16. as\u0131rda art\u0131k a\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131 do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131rlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve t\u0131kan\u0131p kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ran, Avusturya, Rusya ve Venedik aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f Osmanl\u0131, \u2018do\u011fal\u2019 olarak gerilemeye mahk\u00fbmdu.\u201d Bu&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1242,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[65],"class_list":["post-1241","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yazarlar","author-ibrahim-tatli"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Osmanl\u0131\u2019da \u201cdo\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131r\u201d meselesi - 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