Oryantalizm kavram\u0131 tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te farkl\u0131 anlamlara sahip olmu\u015ftur. Fakat g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde en genel anlam\u0131yla oryantalizm, Bat\u0131l\u0131 akademisyenlerin Do\u011fu toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n dilleri, k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri, tarihleri ve co\u011frafyalar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda incelemeler, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapmas\u0131 yani Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019yu akademik d\u00fczeyde inceledi\u011fi bir disiplin olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 yapan ki\u015filere de oryantalist denilir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede \u015farkiyat, do\u011fu bilimi, Arap\u00e7ada isti\u015frak, bu i\u015fi yapana da m\u00fcste\u015frik denilir.<\/p>\n
Oryantalizmi vir\u00fcs olarak adland\u0131rmam\u0131z\u0131n sebebi ise ba\u015fta zararl\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemesine ra\u011fmen asl\u0131nda zamanla insan zihnini buland\u0131rmas\u0131ndan ve psikolojik rahats\u0131zl\u0131klara sebep olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131d\u0131r. Her ne kadar oryantalizm, Do\u011fu\u2019yu akademik d\u00fczeyde inceleyen bir disiplin olsa da objektiflikten uzakla\u015f\u0131p bir ama\u00e7 etraf\u0131nda birle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Gayesi ise Hristiyan misyonerli\u011fi ve emperyalizm fikrini me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rma, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer \u00fclkelerini kendi hegemonyas\u0131 alt\u0131na alman\u0131n en masumane yolu olmakt\u0131r. Amerikan vatanda\u015f\u0131 Filistinli Hristiyan aktivist Edward Said\u2019in yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Oryantalizm eserinde oryantalizmin en kapsaml\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131p \u201c(1) Antropolog, sosyolog, tarih\u00e7i yahut dilbilimci olsun \u00f6zel yahut genel bir a\u00e7\u0131dan \u015eark\u0131 \u00f6\u011freten, yaz\u0131ya d\u00f6ken yahut ara\u015ft\u0131ran kimse \u015farkiyat\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey \u015farkiyatt\u0131r. (\u2026) (2) Oryantalizmin daha geni\u015f bir manas\u0131 vard\u0131r: Oryantalizm Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 aras\u0131nda ontolojik ve epistemolojik ay\u0131rma dayal\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f bi\u00e7imidir. (\u2026) (3) Oryantalizmin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc anlam\u0131na ise, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131n\u0131 kabaca belirlenmi\u015f bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 kabul edersek oryantalizm \u015eark ile u\u011fra\u015fan toplu m\u00fcessesedir; yani \u015eark hakk\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmlerde bulunur, \u015eark hakk\u0131ndaki kanaatleri onay\u0131ndan ge\u00e7irir. \u015eark\u2019\u0131 tasvir eder, tedris eder, isk\u00e2n eder, y\u00f6netir; k\u0131sacas\u0131 \u2018Do\u011fu\u2019ya h\u00e2kim olmak, onu yeniden kurmak ve onun amiri olmak i\u00e7in\u2019 Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n buldu\u011fu bir yoldur.\u201d <\/em>(Oryantalizm, s. 15-16). Said, interdisipliner bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sonunda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131mlarda oryantalizmi, Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu \u00fczerinde hegemonya kurma \u00e7abalar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Tabi\u00ee Edward Said oryantalizm i\u00e7in bir milat olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclse de Said\u2019den \u00f6nce de oryantalizmin kavram olarak olumsuz manalar i\u00e7ermesi ele\u015ftirilere sebep olmu\u015ftur. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonundan itibaren oryantalistler aras\u0131nda dillendirilmeye ba\u015flanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6ntemlerine ve bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik itirazlar iki sava\u015f aras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, \u00f6zellikle de 1945 sonras\u0131nda artt\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00fcnya entelekt\u00fcellerinin kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla oryantalizmin temellerini sorgulayan bir niteli\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l oryantalizmi ideolojik olu\u015fu ve Avrupa merkezci \u00f6z\u00fc dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ele\u015ftiri konusu yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Nihayet bu y\u00f6nelim, 1973\u2019te Paris\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen 29. Uluslararas\u0131 Oryantalistler Kongresi\u2019nde oryantalist kelimesinin kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kongrenin ad\u0131n\u0131n Kuzey Afrika ve Asya Konulu Uluslararas\u0131 Be\u015feri Bilimler Kongresi olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi sonucunu do\u011furdu.[1]<\/a> Oryantalist \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara y\u00f6neltilen ele\u015ftirilerde ikinci ortak nokta bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardaki \u0130slam, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar, Do\u011fu ve Do\u011fulular hakk\u0131ndaki bilgilerin sapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, eksik ve yanl\u0131\u015f olu\u015fu, oryantalistlerin yeti\u015fme \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi ve kulland\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerin kusurlu olu\u015fudur. Ele\u015ftiri sahipleri, ayr\u0131ca oryantalistleri toplumlar\u0131n ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin birbirine daha fazla yak\u0131nla\u015fma ihtiyac\u0131 duyduklar\u0131 bu \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gereklerine uyum g\u00f6stermeye davet ederler. (2)<\/p>\n Do\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve dini \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan bu yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda ger\u00e7ekler ve bu ger\u00e7eklere uymayan yanl\u0131\u015flar, tasvirler vard\u0131r. Nas\u0131l ki oryantalizm vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn faydal\u0131 olan\u0131 varsa zararl\u0131 olan\u0131 da var. Bunun sebebi ise oryantalist dedi\u011fimiz Bat\u0131l\u0131, bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve din \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan insanlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Do\u011fu hakk\u0131nda samimi, objektif davranm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. En bariz \u00f6rne\u011fi olan Avusturyal\u0131 tarih\u00e7i, diplomat ve Do\u011fu bilimleri uzman\u0131 Joseph von Hammer\u2019d\u0131r. \u00a0Do\u011fu tarihi ve edebiyat\u0131yla ilgilenmi\u015f Kur\u2019an\u2019a ve Sami dillerine b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131 duymu\u015ftur. Do\u011fu dillerinden Arap\u00e7a, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Fars\u00e7a \u00f6\u011frenerek do\u011fu dillerine ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ait \u00f6nemli eserleri Almancaya kazand\u0131rarak b\u00fcy\u00fck yank\u0131lar uyand\u0131ran \u00fcnl\u00fc tarih\u00e7i kabrinde yaz\u0131lan ismiyle \u201cYusuf b. Hammer\u201ddir. Ayr\u0131ca mezar ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne ha\u00e7 de\u011fil, \u0130stanbul\u2019daki uleman\u0131n mezar ta\u015flar\u0131ndan etkilenerek yuvarlak bir mezar ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131 be\u011fenip onu koydurmu\u015ftur. \u00dczerine de \u201cH\u00fcvelbaki\u201d diye ba\u015flayarak \u201cRahman olan Allah\u2019\u0131n merhametine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan \u00fc\u00e7 dilinin terc\u00fcman\u0131 m\u00fcverrih Yusuf bin Hammer\u201d diye yazd\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(3) Bu tarz, Do\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc sevip sayg\u0131 duyan samimi oryantalistler oldu\u011fu gibi bunun tam tersi olan oryantalistler de az de\u011fildir. Kibirli, kendini be\u011fenmi\u015f, Do\u011fu reflekslerini k\u00f6t\u00fc Bat\u0131\u2019y\u0131 ise \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00f6ren, Bat\u0131\u2019y\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n merkezine al\u0131p \u00f6teki k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri bunun etraf\u0131nda konumland\u0131ranlar da vard\u0131r. Do\u011fu\u2019yu k\u00f6t\u00fcleyerek, Do\u011fu\u2019nun gerili\u011fi, barbarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yobazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi nitelemelerle \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerini ortaya koymu\u015flard\u0131r. \u201cDo\u011fu\u2019nun gerili\u011fi ve Bat\u0131 adam\u0131n\u0131n onu medenile\u015ftirme misyonu\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok defa kendi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6zetmi\u015flerdir. Oryantalist \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, Do\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcr miras\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat bu hedefe giden yolda bir ara\u00e7 olmu\u015ftur. Y\u00fccel Bulut Oryantalizmin K\u0131sa Tarihi adl\u0131 eserinde bu durumu \u015fu benzetmeyle yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cBu durum avc\u0131n\u0131n avlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 geyi\u011fin kafas\u0131n\u0131n salondaki \u015f\u00f6minenin \u00fczerine asarak ya da avlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaplan\u0131n derisini salondaki \u015f\u00f6minenin \u00f6n\u00fcne sererek sergilemesine benzemektedir. Sergilenen ger\u00e7ekte geyik ya da kaplan \u00fczerine kurdu\u011fu hakimiyettir. Avc\u0131n\u0131n av\u0131 ara\u00e7sal kullan\u0131m\u0131nda benzer bir bi\u00e7imde burada Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131 Do\u011fu\u2019yu ara\u00e7sal olarak kullanmaktad\u0131r.\u201d Ayr\u0131ca bu benzetme Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu \u00fczerindeki hegemonyas\u0131na verilebilecek g\u00fczel bir \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n Her oryantalist i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 \u015feyi s\u00f6ylemesek de genel olarak Do\u011fu hakk\u0131nda \u00f6zelde de \u0130slam dini a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir oryantalizm sorunu vard\u0131r. Renan isimli oryantaliste g\u00f6re; M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 terk etmedik\u00e7e modernle\u015femezler, bat\u0131l inan\u00e7lardan ve hurafelerden kurtulamazlar, bu y\u00fczden \u0130slam\u2019dan halk\u0131n soyutlanmas\u0131 gerekir. Mesela baz\u0131 durumlar Avrupa taraf\u0131ndan Do\u011fu se\u00e7kinlerinin \u00fcretilip dev\u015firildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Osmanl\u0131 zaman\u0131nda bulunan dar bir kadroya sahip olan garp\u00e7\u0131lardan Abdullah Cevdet bunun \u00f6rneklerinden biridir. Bunlar, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n nabz\u0131n\u0131 yakalayan bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman tipi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak yerine oryantalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi benimseyerek tamamen kendini, \u00f6rf\u00fcn\u00fc, gelene\u011fini ink\u00e2r eden bir fikri benimser. Bu fikrin m\u00fcntesipleri, halka da zoraki bir \u015fekilde bu fikri dayatarak Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc benimseyici de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle; hatta dinlenilen m\u00fczik tipine dahi m\u00fcdahale ederek \u0130slam\u2019dan uzakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a geli\u015feceklerini ve daha modern bir medeniyete sahip olacaklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerler.<\/p>\n Oryantalizm sorunu \u00e7ok daha ileri gidecek \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fcr. Hadislerin M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar taraf\u0131ndan ilk \u00fc\u00e7 as\u0131rda uydurulan s\u00f6zler oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemekle ba\u015flay\u0131p sahabilere, oradan \u0130slam peygamberinin peygamberli\u011finin do\u011frulu\u011funa \u015f\u00fcphe uyand\u0131rmaya ve nihayetinde Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n Allah kelam\u0131 oldu\u011funa ve Allah\u2019\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair \u015f\u00fcphe uyand\u0131rmaya kadar gider. K\u00f6t\u00fclemek, \u0130slam f\u0131kh\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsemek ad\u0131na bu f\u0131kh\u0131n Roma\u2019dan alma oldu\u011funu \u0131srarla savunmak ve Arap\u00e7an\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmaz, zor bir dil oldu\u011funu, ayr\u0131ca \u0130slam dininin Hristiyan ve Yahudi dinlerine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyduklar\u0131 eserlerde g\u00f6rebiliriz. Bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda Do\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve \u0130slam dini \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir\u00e7ok kitap, ansiklopedi, resim vs. Avrupal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan yanl\u0131\u015f, eksik yaz\u0131l\u0131p \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir. Bizler de \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcze konulmu\u015f haz\u0131r yeme\u011fi sorgusuz sualsiz yememiz gibi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc ve dinimizi hakk\u0131yla ara\u015ft\u0131rmadan onlara bak\u0131p okuyarak ge\u00e7iriyoruz. Bu da y\u0131llarca ilerlemeyi kendi atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, medeniyetimizi de\u011fersizle\u015ftirme, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseme, yanl\u0131\u015f ve eksik olarak okumam\u0131za sebep olmu\u015ftur. De\u011ferlerimize sahip \u00e7\u0131kmak yerine s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen beyinlerimizle utan\u0131r hale getirildik.<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7 olarak Bat\u0131 oryantalizmi bilgi ile emperyalistlerin ekonomik ve politik g\u00fc\u00e7lerini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p Hristiyan misyonerli\u011fini yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki tek medeniyetin Bat\u0131 oldu\u011funu, merkeziyet\u00e7i konumda olup di\u011fer do\u011fu milletlerinin de Bat\u0131l\u0131lara benzemesi gerekti\u011fini vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Zaten Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n, \u00e7okk\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe tahamm\u00fcl edemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in beyaz adam\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn tutup siyahi ve k\u0131z\u0131lderilileri t\u00fcrl\u00fc t\u00fcrl\u00fc i\u015fkencelerle yok etme \u00e7abalar\u0131 malumdur. G\u00fc\u00e7 kullanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer milletlere kar\u015f\u0131 da farkl\u0131 farkl\u0131 yollarla tek ve \u00fcst\u00fcn uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu zihinlere kaz\u0131maya devam etmektedir. \u0130\u015fte \u00e7ok az bir k\u0131sm\u0131 haricinde oryantalist zihniyet; \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa, g\u00f6\u00e7men krizlerine ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hegemonya sa\u011flama iste\u011fi sonucu di\u011fer toplumlar\u0131n kimliklerinden vazge\u00e7i\u015flerine sebebiyet vermektedir.(4) Do\u011fu insan\u0131n\u0131n kendini tan\u0131mlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kendini ink\u00e2r etmeye, benli\u011fini yitirmeye veya bir yerlere konumland\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 da zihinsel olarak ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bunal\u0131m psikolojik rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir. \u0130\u015fte Bat\u0131 adam\u0131n\u0131n mertlikle alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fu topraklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k do\u011fu insan\u0131n\u0131n zihinlerini i\u015fgal etmesi, vir\u00fcs\u00fc zihinlere hem yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fini hem de yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en masumane yolu olmu\u015ftur oryantalizm.<\/p>\n Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n 1-\u0130slamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/oryantalizm<\/p>\n 2-islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/oryantalizm<\/p>\n 3-www.islamansiklopedsi.org.tr<\/p>\n 4-S\u00fcphanda\u011fl\u0131, \u0130smail, Bat\u0131 ve \u0130slam Aras\u0131nda Oryantalizm, Gelenek Yay., 2004.<\/p>\n KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/strong><\/p>\n Dere, Ali. (2003) Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131nda Bir S\u00fcre\u00e7: Oryantalizm. Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\/599. Ankara.<\/p>\n Mardin, \u015eerif. Edward Said, (2007) Oryantalizm ve \u0130slam \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Uluslararas\u0131 Oryantalizm Sempozyumu. \u0130stanbul-1.<\/p>\n Bulut, Y\u00fccel. Oryantalizm. TDV \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi.<\/p>\n Ortayl\u0131, \u0130lber. Hammer- Purgstall,Joseph Freiherr von. TDV \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi.<\/p>\n www.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr<\/a><\/p>\n